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This is the history of the State of Alabama, in the United States of America. Alabama became a state in 1819. After the Indian wars of the 1830's pushed Native Americans out of the state, white settlers arrived in large numbers. Wealthy planters created large cotton plantations based in the fertile central Black Belt, which depended on the labor of enslaved African Americans. Tens of thousands of slaves were transported and marketed in the state by slave traders who purchased them in the Upper South. Elsewhere in Alabama, poorer whites practiced subsistence farmers. By 1860 African Americans comprised 45% of the state's population of 964,201.
Alabama seceded and joined the Confederate States of America from 1861 to 1865. The slaves were freed in 1865. All of the population suffered economic losses and hardships as a result of the American Civil War, the ensuing agricultural depression, and the financial Panic of 1873. After a period of Reconstruction, Alabama emerged as a poor, largely rural state, still tied to cotton. Whites used legal means and harassment to re-establish political and social dominance over the recently emancipated African Americans.
To escape the inequities of disfranchisement, segregation and underfunded schools, thousands of African Americans joined the Great Migration of the early 20th c. and moved to better opportunities in northern industrial cities. So many left that the state's rate of population growth dropped nearly by half from 1910 to 1920.
Politically, the state continued as one-party Democratic for years, and produced a number of national leaders. World War II brought prosperity. Cotton faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base. After 1980, the state became a Republican stronghold in presidential elections, and leaned Republican in statewide elections, while the Democratic Party still dominates local and legislative offices.